Emergency Medicine and Surgery

Key learning objectives:

Appreciate triage systems and detail a suitable initial patient assessment  Explain emergency vascular access techniques including sites, catheter placement, preparations and complications including jugular and intraosseous techniques    Recognise the principles of initial pain management, stabilisation, and monitoring (including the rule of Kirby)  Review health and safety concerns and precautions including managing a situation involving potential zoonoses and nosocomial infections in the ICU  Recognise the pharmacokinetics, potential interactions, and adverse effects of common therapeutics agents: anti-microbials and anti-parasitic drugs (CYTP450 mechanism, MDR1 mutation, species-specific enzyme mutation/deficiency)  Use of physiotherapy, general nursing of CIP  Recognise the administrative, legal and ethical issues involving the critically ill patient

Key learning objectives:

Recognise the techniques to monitor organ function (arterial blood pressure, pulse oximetry, capnography  Identify the procedures to maintain the body temperature  Assess, recognise and treat shock  Develop a strategy for the treatment of shock  Develop your appreciation of the indications for the different types of fluid therapy with their advantages and disadvantages and the need for electrolyte supplementation Explain the need to monitor for complications during treatment and to record central venous pressure 

Key learning objectives:

Recall sampling techniques, processing, storage,and data recording Apply knowledge to using the microscope to examine blood smears, urinary sediment and basic cytology and be able to diagnose common acute conditions seen in general practice Assess haemostasis Interpret clinical laboratory medicine information including haematology, biochemistry, electrolyte,and arterial and blood gas analyses Consider when transfusion should be considered Select appropriate blood products and protocols to minimise adverse outcomes Manage common conditions leading to haematological abnormalities requiring transfusion Define and explain the concept of massive transfusion Identify the diagnosis, pathophysiology,and treatment of acute traumatic coagulopathy

Key Learning Objectives: 

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of sedation and anaesthesia  Approach to patient stabilisation prior to anaesthesia  Select an appropriate parenteral, inhalational or mixed anaesthetic regimes and appreciate their relative advantages and disadvantages  Recognise the main anaesthetic equipment and monitoring techniques, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages  Explore different analgesic techniques (NSAIDs, local anaesthetics, opioids and other analgesics) and when to use them in the emergency patient  Decide about the use of other drugs including neuromuscular blocking agents and sedatives in the emergency patient 

Key learning objectives:

Describe how to perform a neurological examination  Select appropriate diagnostic tests and apply them to individual cases, including radiography and CSF analysis  Manage common neurological emergencies including head trauma, traumatic brain injury, MUO and seizures 

Key learning objectives:

Triage poisoned patients, recalling the general principles of intoxication Recognise the clinical signs and management options fortoxicities caused byinsecticides, molluscicides, rodenticides, herbicides, household preparationsandplants Assess the prognosis of patients presented with the common poisonings

Key learning objectives:

Apply diagnostic techniques including laboratory investigations and imaging to these cases  Investigate and manage common renal and urinary tract emergencies, namely urethral obstruction, ureteral obstruction and management of nonsurgical acute kidney injury   Recognise the principles of renal, ureteral, bladder and urethral surgery  Recall the steps to correctly perform a cystocentesis  Identify the limitations, principles of placement and maintenance of urinary catheters  Recall the normal reproductive physiology  Identify the physiological aspects involved in the conversion from foetal to neonatal circulation  Diagnose and establish a management plan for common reproductive and paediatric emergencies, namely C section, mastitis, pyometra and prostatitis  Diagnose and establish a management plan for common paediatric emergencies, including hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, failure in passive immunity and malnutrition 

Key learning objectives:

Describe the cardiovascular assessment and management of patients presented with cardiovascular emergencies  Utilise and interpret a range of diagnostic techniques including ECGs, radiographs, echocardiographs, and laboratory data   Diagnose and manage acute canine congestive heart failure, feline cardiomyopathy, and aortic thromboembolism  Recognise and manage pericardial disease including pericardiocentesis  Identify and manage cardiac arrhythmias  Consider the predisposing factors likely to result in cardiac arrest, how this changes the approach to CPR and determining prognosis following CPR  Identify the various components of CPR (DABC) and their importance 

Key learning objectives:

Detail the common metabolic conditions requiring urgent or emergency therapy  Recognise the impact of metabolic disturbances on the patient’s major body systems  Devise an approach to the diagnosis and management of common diseases including hypoadrenocorticism, DKA, thyroid storm and metabolic diseases related to hypoglycaemia   Appreciate the complications encountered during therapy, their prevention and management

Key learning objectives:

Recall the concepts and procedures involved in a general approach to dyspnoea   Triage and create a management plan for patients in respiratory distress  Utilise and interpret a range of diagnostic techniques for respiratory patients including auscultation, radiography, endoscopy and arterial blood gas analysis to localise the underlying cause  Appreciate the methods of oxygen delivery and be able to monitor the efficacy of treatment  Review the problems associated with oxygen delivery  Explain the techniques available for drainage of the pleural cavity 

Key learning objectives:

Stabilise a patient prior to surgery, plan surgery and manage complications  Appreciate the indications for immediate surgical intervention  Define damage-controlled resuscitation and identify the cases where it applies  Recall surgical asepsis, theatre protocol and the rational use of anti-microbials in surgical patients  Approach the acute management of haemostasis, abdominal and respiratory trauma  Approach external soft tissue wounds, myocardial injury, and musculoskeletal trauma

Key learning objectives:

• Interpret the practical findings of a physical examination
• Formulate a diagnostic approach to common presentations of emergency conditions
• Manage common emergency conditions
• Approach the anaesthesia and analgesia of these species in emergency situations

Key learning objectives:

• Perform a practical ophthalmological examination
• Recognise normal features and variants
• Formulate a diagnostic approach to common presentations including the red eye, ocular pain, ocular discharge and blindness
• Understand the medical and surgical management of common ocular conditions including corneal ulceration, uveitis and glaucoma
• Consolidate your understanding of ocular manifestations of systemic disease
• Select current ocular medications and have an understanding of therapeutics

Key learning objectives:

Approach the “acute abdomen”  Recognise common emergency conditions affecting the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas  Formulate a diagnostic plan, including the use of imaging modalities, and effective monitoring strategies for these cases  Select the appropriate surgical intervention  Assess acute malnutrition  Recognise the procedures to provide enteral, total parenteral and partial parenteral nutrition  Create a diagnostic and management plan to approach the refeeding syndrome